Ayahuasca e saúde mental: efeitos do seu uso associado a casos de depressão / Ayahuasca and mental health: effects of its use in association with depresion cases / Ayahuasca y salud mental: efectos de sue uso en asociación con casos de depressión

O aumento de casos de depressão na população mundial leva ao questionamento sobre a eficácia dos tratamentos farmacológicos e fomenta a busca por tratamentos alternativos. Estudos a respeito da ayahuasca e seus efeitos na depressão vêm sendo realizados. Por meio de uma revisão integrativa, a partir da questão norteadora: "Quais são os efeitos da ayahuasca em indivíduos com depressão?", neste estudo buscou-se: (1) identificar potenciais usos terapêuticos do chá de ayahuasca; (2) analisar as características de segurança e riscos à saúde no seu uso; (3) investigar se o contexto do uso influencia seus efeitos. A busca de artigos foi realizada nas bases BVS e PubMed, produzidos entre 2017-2022, resultando em 8 artigos para análise. Os estudos evidenciaram efeitos antidepressivos advindos das interações neuroquímicas e das experiências psicológicas por meio da ayahuasca e apresentaram que a segurança e potencial terapêutico estão atrelados ao contexto de uso e à dosagem ingerida do chá (AU).

The increase in cases of depression in the world's population leads to questioning the effectiveness of pharmacological treatments and encourages the search for alternative treatments. Studies about ayahuasca andyour effectsondepressionhavebeenconducted. Guided by the question: "What are the effects of ayahuasca in individuals with depression?" this study was a integrativereview that aimed to: (1) identify potential therapeutic uses of ayahuasca tea;(2) analyzethesafetycharacteristics andhealthrisks inyour use; (3) investigatewhetherthecontextofuseinfluences your effects.The search for articles was conducted in the BVS and PubMed databases, produced between 2017-2022, resulting in 8 articles for analysis. Thestudies showed antidepressanteffectsresultingfromneurochemical interactions andpsychologicalexperiences as results of the use of ayahuasca and showed that the safety and therapeutic potential are linked to the context of use and the ingested dosage of the tea (AU).

El aumento de los casos de depresión en la población mundial lleva a cuestionar la eficacia de los tratamientos farmacológicos y fomenta la búsqueda de tratamientos alternativos. Se han realizado estudios sobre la ayahuasca y sus efectos sobre la depresión. Por medio de la cuestión: "¿Cuáles son los efectos de la ayahuasca en personas con depresión?", este estudio de revisión integrativabuscó: (1) identificar los usos terapéuticos potenciales del té de ayahuasca; (2) analizar las características de seguridad y los riesgos para la salud en su uso; (3) investigar si el contexto de uso influye en sus efectos. La búsqueda de artículos se realizó en las bases de datos BVS y PubMed, producidas entre 2017-2022, resultando 8 artículos para análisis. Fueron observados en los estudios efectos antidepresivos advenidos de la ayahuasca y que la seguridad y potencial terapéutico están vinculados al contexto de uso y la dosis ingerida del té (AU).

Effects of black tea tooth staining previously to 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching

Aim: To determine if the artificial staining with black tea (BT) influences the enamel microhardness before in-office bleaching and if BT staining is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide Methods: Enamel/dentin blocks were randomized into groups according to the staining protocol (n=5/group): (CO) control ­ maintained in artificial saliva solution (AS); (BT4) immersed in black tea solution for 4 h; (BT24) immersed in black tea solution for 24 h. After the staining protocols, all specimens were kept in AS for one week, followed by bleaching (three sessions of HP application for 40 min). Knoop surface microhardness (kgF/mm2) was determined at baseline (T0), after staining (T1), after 7 days of storage in AS (T2), and after bleaching (T3). The color (∆E00) and coordinate changes (∆L, ∆a, ∆b) were measured using a digital spectrophotometer at T0 and T3. Data were submitted to one-way (∆E00, ∆L, ∆a, ∆b) or two-way ANOVA repeated measures (kgF/mm2) and Tukey's test (a=5%). Results: The staining protocols (BT4 and BT24) promoted significantly lower microhardness (T1 and T2, p<0.05) than CO, whereas CO was the only group to maintain microhardness values over time. Bleaching promoted perceptible ∆E00 without a significant difference among the groups regardless of the staining protocol (p=0.122). CO and BT4 showed no differences in terms of ∆L and ∆a (p>0.05), but BT4 displayed a higher ∆b than CO. Conclusion:The artificial staining with BT negatively affected the enamel surface microhardness and was not essential to evaluate the efficacy of 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching

Conhecimento etnobotânico sobre plantas medicinais utilizadas por moradores de um município ribeirinho no interior do estado do Amazonas, Brasil / Ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants used by residents of a riverside city in the Amazonas state, Brazil

Mesmo com a evolução do conhecimento científico, a utilização de plantas medicinais é uma das práticas mais antigas ainda realizadas pelo homem, especialmente pelos habitantes de comunidades e municípios do interior do Brasil, principalmente em regiões com baixos índices de desenvolvimento humano. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um estudo etnobotânico sobre as plantas medicinais utilizadas pelos moradores de um bairro localizado em um município ribeirinho do interior do estado do Amazonas. Participaram do estudo cem indivíduos, e os dados obtidos pela pesquisa foram compilados por meio de um formulário, contendo 14 questões (objetivas e discursivas). Os resultados demonstraram que 95% dos moradores faziam uso de plantas medicinais. Foram citadas 89 espécies, pertencentes a 48 famílias botânicas, com destaque para a Lamiaceae. As plantas mais citadas foram: Plectranthus barbatus (boldo) ­ 6,1%, Citrus sinensis (laranjeira) ­ 5,8% e Allium sativum (alho) ­ 4,7%. No entanto, quando analisado o índice de concordância (porcentagem de uso principal = CUP), a Citrus sinensis (laranjeira) apresentou um CUP de 80,9%, seguida por Plectranthus barbatus (boldo) e Disphania ambrosioides (mastruz), com 68,1% e 61,5%, respectivamente. Com relação ao modo de preparo, 61,1% citaram infusão, e as principais enfermidades tratadas foram as dores de estômago, com 13,1%. É importante enfatizar a necessidade de mais estudos acerca dos reais benefícios dessas ervas, a fim de que a divulgação de tais informações possa complementar o conhecimento empírico já difundido entre a população local. Dessa forma, será possível ampliar o conhecimento etnobotânico como um todo e, consequentemente, promover saúde e bem-estar.

Despite the evolution of scientific knowledge, the use of medicinal plants is one of the oldest practices still used by men and, especially by the inhabitants of communities and municipalities of the interior of Brazil, mainly in regions with low human development rates. The purpose of this work was to perform an ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants used by residents of a neighborhood located in a riverside city in the interior of the state of Amazonas. A total of 100 individuals participated in the study, with data being obtained through the use of a form containing 14 open and closed-ended questions. The results showed that 95% of the residents used medicinal plants. A total of 89 species, belonging to 48 botanical families were mentioned, with emphasis to Lamiaceae. The plants that were most frequently mentioned were Plectranthus barbatus (locally known as boldo) ­ 6.1%; Citrus sinensis (orange tree) ­ 5.8%; and Allium sativum (garlic) ­ 4.7%. However, when analyzing the agreement index (percentage of main use = CUP), Citrus sinensis (orange tree) presented a CUP of 80.9%, followed by Plectranthus barbatus (boldo) and Disphania ambrosioides (Mexican tea), with 68.1 and 61.5%, respectively. In relation to the method of preparation, 61.1% cited infusion, with the main disorder treated being stomachache, with 13.1%. It is important to emphasize the need for further studies on the actual benefits of these herbs so that the dissemination of the information can complement the already widespread empirical knowledge among the local population. Thus, it will be possible to expand the ethnobotanical knowledge as a whole and, consequently, promote health and well-being.

Association between tea consumption and all-cause mortality in Chinese adults / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To investigate the association between tea consumption and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality among Chinese adults. Methods: This study was based on China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB). Tea consumption information was self-reported by participants at baseline. Death was mainly identified by linkage to the death registry system. Cox proportional hazard regression models estimated HR and 95%CI. Results: With a median follow-up of 11.1 years, there were 34 661 deaths in 438 443 participants. Compared with those who never drink tea, all-cause mortality HR(95%CI) were 0.89(0.86-0.91) and 0.92(0.88-0.95) for non-daily tea drinkers and daily tea drinkers, respectively. A statistically significant difference was found in the association of tea consumption and the risk of all-cause mortality between men and women(interaction P<0.05). The protective effect was mainly seen in men. Compared with those who never drink tea, daily tea drinkers had a reduced risk of death from ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, cancer, respiration diseases and other causes of death, and the corresponding HR(95%CI) were 0.83(0.76-0.92), 0.82(0.69-0.97), 0.86(0.78-0.94), 1.03(0.97-1.09), 1.00(0.87-1.16), 0.84(0.78-0.90). Among never smokers and non-excessive drinkers, there was no statistically significant association between daily tea drinking and the risk of death from cancer. While smokers and excessive drinkers had an increased risk of death from cancer (interaction P<0.001). Conclusions: Tea consumers had reduced risks of all-cause mortality and partial cause-specific mortality, but not for the risk of death from cancer. On the contrary, daily tea drinkers with smoking habits and excessive alcohol drinking had an increased risk of death from cancer.

Hepatitis grave producida por intoxicación con té verde en un niño. Presentación de un caso / Severe hepatitis caused by green tea intoxication in a child. Case report

El daño hepático inducido por hierbas es una reacción adversa relacionada con el uso de medicina herbaria, incluida en el grupo de daño hepático inducido por drogas. El uso terapéutico de hierbas medicinales es cada vez más frecuente por la creencia de que los productos naturales o hierbas son siempre seguros. En Estados Unidos, la incidencia de toxicidad alcanza un 9 % y, en países de Asia, un 19-63 % de los casos totales de daño hepático inducido por drogas.El té verde es obtenido de las hojas de la Camellia sinensis. Las hojas recién cosechadas son estabilizadas por calentamiento en seco para inactivar la enzima polifenol y luego se secan rápidamente. Su consumo ha aumentado en los últimos años, y se han documentado reacciones hepatotóxicas. Se presenta un caso de hepatitis aguda grave asociada al consumo de té verde en un niño de 2 años.

Herb-induced liver injury is a type of adverse drug reaction related to using herbal medicine, and now is a segment of drug-induced liver injury. The use of herbal products has increased significantly, because it is generally regarded as safe and natural by the public. In the United States, the incidence reaches 9 % and, in the countries of Asia, 19-63 % of the total cases of drug-induced liver injury. Green tea is obtained from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis. Freshly harvested leaves are stabilized by dry heating to inactivate the polyphenol enzyme and then dried quickly. Its consumption has increased in recent years and has been reported with hepatotoxic reactions.We present a case of severe hepatitis related to the consumption of green tea in a 2-year-old child.

Staining effect of bovine incisors in vitro by tea solutions / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To determine the optimum staining condition of tea solutions on bovine incisors in vitro, by comparing the color stability of tooth surface of different concentrations of tea solutions and methods on bovine incisors in vitro.@*METHODS@#Twenty bovine incisors with color surface A1 were chosen, then randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10). Group 1: soaked with 2% tea solution continuously for 6 days; group 2: soaked with 2% tea solution for 6 days, but changed fresh tea solution everyday; group 3: soaked with 1% tea solution continuously for 6 days; group 4: soaked with 1% tea solution for 6 days but fresh tea solution changed every day. After 6 days of staining, the surface color (Δ E value) of all the samples were measured with crystal eye. After brushing 30 times with toothbrushes, the color of bovine incisors were measured again. Then the samples were soaked in artificial saliva at 37 ° C, and Δ E value was measured for 14 days.@*RESULTS@#After staining for 6 days, the Δ E values of the 2% tea solution groups were better than those of the 1% groups (20.21 vs. 16.44, 24.09 vs. 19.22, P<0.05); the groups with the same tea solution concentration, a better result was observed for the group soaked with daily fresh tea solution than for the group that experienced continuous staining (24.09 vs. 20.21, 19.22 vs. 16.44, P<0.05). Groups 1 and 2 were selected for subsequent brushing experiments. The color of both groups became lighter after brushing, and a better result was observed for the continuous staining group than for the group stained in daily fresh solution (3.06 vs. 9.51, P<0.05). The samples with better coloring effect soaked with 2% tea solution continuously for 6 days were put into artificial saliva for 14 days. There was not any significant change in coloring at the end of the first two days (1.51 vs. 1.51, P>0.05), and the color was visibly lighter after the third day (1.51 vs. 5.89, P<0.05), and no further significant change was observed until the 14th day (5.81 vs.5.89, P>0.05), which was darker coloring than that of the pre-staining group.@*CONCLUSION@#Continuous staining on bovine incisors with 2% tea solution with subsequent soaking in artificial saliva resulted in consistent coloring from day 3 to day 14, and this method could be used as an ideal model for teeth staining in vitro.

Consumo excesivo de cafeína y eventuales poblaciones de riesgo / Excessive caffeine consumption and eventual risk populations

La cafeína (1,3,7-trimetilxantina), es uno de los componentes alimentarios más consumidos y estudiados. Aunque un consumo moderado no implica riesgos para la salud, un ingesta excesiva puede conducir a efectos adversos, tales como ansiedad, irritabilidad, palpitaciones e insomnio. Con el propósito de caracterizar el riesgo para la salud en mujeres adultas de 18 a 70 años en Argentina, se abordaron los siguientes objetivos: determinar el contenido de cafeína en cinco bebidas disponibles en el mercado argentino y con estos datos y otros de fuentes bibliográficas estimar la ingesta media diaria de esta sustancia en dicha población para establecer si existen grupos en riesgo, estudiar la relación de dicha ingesta con el lugar de residencia y determinar el aporte de cada bebida y alimento a la ingesta diaria total. La determinación de cafeína se realizó por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). A través de un cuestionario distribuido en la web, se obtuvieron datos de consumo de cafeína de 1947 mujeres que cumplieron el criterio de inclusión. Se encontraron contenidos más altos de cafeína en café expreso (1300 mg/L) y mate cebado (950 mg/L). En el total de la muestra el consumo promedio de cafeína fue de 340 mg/día (5,5 mg/kg/día), excediendo, el 31% de las participantes la ingesta recomendada de 400 mg/día. De las mujeres en edad fértil, el 37% excedió la ingesta de 300 mg/día y el 52% la de 200 mg/día, recomendadas durante la gestación y la lactancia. En el percentil 90 estas mujeres consumieron 851 mg/día y 775 mg/día de cafeína, respectivamente. El mate cebado y el café resultaron los mayores contribuyentes a la ingesta diaria de cafeína en este grupo de mujeres y en la muestra total. Se encontraron diferencias regiona­les en el consumo del mate cebado, resultando Misiones y Corrientes las provincias de mayores ingestas. Si bien el 68% de las personas entrevistadas consumieron dosis moderadas de cafeína, más de un cuarto de las mujeres en edad reproductiva excedió las ingestas recomendadas para el embarazo y la lactancia.

Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is one of the most consumed and studied food ingredients. Although moderate consumption does not imply health risks, excess intake may lead to adverse effects, such as anxiety, irritability, palpitations and insomnia. In order to characterize the health risk in adult women aged 18 to 70 in Argentina, the following objectives were ad­dressed: to determine the caffeine content in five beverages available in the Argentine market and with these data and others from bibliographic sources estimate the daily intake of caffeine in this population to establish if there are groups at risk; to study the relation of this intake with the place of residence and to determine the contribution of each beverage and food to the total daily intake. The determination of caffeine was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Through a questionnaire distributed on the web, caffeine consumption data were obtained from 1947 women who met the inclusion criteria. Higher caf­feine contents were found in espresso coffee (1300 mg/L) and mate "cebado" (950 mg/L). In the sample, mean caffeine intake was 340 mg/day (5.5 mg/kg/day), with 31% of the participants exceeding the recommended intake of 400 mg/day. Of the women of childbearing age, 37% exceeded the intake of 300 mg/day and 52% the intake of 200 mg/day recommended during gestation and lactation. In the 90th percentile, these women consumed 851 mg/day and 775 mg/day of caffeine, respectively. Mate "cebado" and coffee were the major contributors to daily caffeine intake in this group of women and in the total sample. Regional differences were found in the consumption of mate "cebado", being Misiones and Corrientes the provinces with the highest intakes. Although 68% of the people interviewed consumed moderate doses of caffeine, more than a quarter of the women of reproductive age exceeded the recommended intakes for pregnancy and lactation.

Atividade anti-inflamatória e citotoxicidade dos extratos glicólicos de Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori (alcachofra), Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (aroeira-do-sertão) e de Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (chá verde) / Anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxicity of glycolic extracts of Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori (artichoke), Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (pepper tree) and Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (green tea)

A baixa citotoxicidade e ação anti-inflamatória são características interessantes para enxaguatórios bucais, dentifrícios e medicamentos de uso odontológico. Sendo assim, é necessário avaliar estas propriedades nos extratos glicólicos vegetais que podem ser ingredientes das formulações desses produtos. O presente estudo avaliou as seguintes atividades biológicas para cada um dos extratos glicólicos de Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori (alcachofra), Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (aroeira-do-sertão) e Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (chá verde) em culturas de macrófagos de camundongo (RAW 264.7) pelo tempo de exposição de 5 min e 24 h: a) atividade citotóxica pelo método do MTT em 11 diluições seriadas, sendo que a concentração inicial dos extratos foi de 200mg/mL. b) atividade anti-inflamatória, após estímulo com lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) de Escherichia coli pelo método ELISA quantificou IL-1, TNF- e IL-10. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA e teste de Tukey, com p 5%. A citotoxicidade dos extratos foi dose e tempo dependentes. No tempo de exposição de 5 min, o extrato de alcachofra apresentou citotoxicidade na concentração de 200 mg/mL. No tempo de exposição de 24 h, o chá verde apresentou citotoxicidade nas concentrações 50 mg/mL, aroeirado- sertão estimulou a proliferação de macrófagos na concentração de 0,39 mg/mL a 12,5 mg/mL e a alcachofra apresentou citotoxicidade nas concentrações 12,5 mg/mL. O extrato de chá verde apresentou potencial anti-inflamatório na concentração de 12,5 mg/mL e foi dose dependente, promovendo diminuição da produção de citocinas próinflamatória, como IL-1ß e TNF-. A aroeira-do-sertão apresentou ação imunopotenciadora na concentração de 12,5 mg/mL no tempo de exposição de 24 h. Com relação a alcachofra há necessidade de novos estudos para identificar sua ação imunomoduladora(AU)

The low cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory action are interesting features for mouthwashes, toothpastes and dental medication. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate these properties in plant glycolic extracts which can be ingredients of the formulation of these products. This study evaluated the following biological activities for each of the glycolic extracts of Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori (artichoke), Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (pepper tree) and Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (green tea) in mouse macrophage cultures (RAW 264.7) by the exposure time of 5 min and 24 h. a) cytotoxicity by MTT method in 11 serial dilutions, the initial concentration of the extracts was 200 mg/mL. b) Anti-inflammatory activity after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli was performed by immunoenzymatic test (ELISA) using specific antibodies to quantify IL-1, TNF- and IL-10. The results were subordinated to statistical analyses (ANOVA and Turkey test), with p 0,05. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was dependent on dose and time. At 5 min exposure time, artichoke extract showed cytotoxicity at a concentration of 200 mg/mL. At 24 h exposure time, green tea showed cytotoxicity at the concentrations 50 mg/mL, pepper tree stimulated the proliferation of macrophages in the concentrations of 0,39mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL and artichoke showed cytotoxicity at the concentrations 12.5 mg/mL. Green tea extract showed anti- inflammatory potential at a concentration of 12.5 mg/mL and was dependent on dose, promoting a decrease production of pro-inflammatory cytokines as IL-1 and TNF-. Pepper tree presented immunopotentiating action at a concentration of 12.5 mg/mL at 24 h of exposure time. Regarding artichoke, there is a need for further studies to identify their immunomodulatory action(AU)

Effect of beverages on bovine dental enamel subjected to erosive challenge with hydrochloric acid

This study evaluated by an in vitro model the effect of beverages on dental enamel previously subjected to erosive challenge with hydrochloric acid. The factor under study was the type of beverage, in five levels: Sprite® Zero Low-calorie Soda Lime (positive control), Parmalat® ultra high temperature (UHT) milk, Ades® Original soymilk, Leão® Ice Tea Zero ready-to-drink low-calorie peach-flavored black teaand Prata® natural mineral water (negative control). Seventy-five bovine enamel specimens were distributed among the five types of beverages (n=15), according to a randomized complete block design. For the formation of erosive wear lesions, the specimens were immersed in 10 mL aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid 0.01 M for 2 min. Subsequently, the specimens were immersed in 20 mL of the beverages for 1 min, twice daily for 2 days at room temperature. In between, the specimens were kept in 20 mL of artificial saliva at 37ºC. The response variable was the quantitative enamel microhardness. ANOVA and Tukey's test showed highly significant differences (p<0.00001) in the enamel exposed to hydrochloric acid and beverages. The soft drink caused a significantly higher decrease in microhardness compared with the other beverages. The black tea caused a significantly higher reduction in microhardness than the mineral water, UHT milk and soymilk, but lower than the soft drink. Among the analyzed beverages, the soft drink and the black tea caused the most deleterious effects on dental enamel microhardness.

Este estudo avaliou através de um modelo in vitro o efeito de bebidas no esmalte dental previamente submetido a desafio erosivo com ácido clorídrico. O fator em estudo foi o tipo de bebida, em cinco níveis: Sprite Zero (Coca-Cola® Brasil) controle positivo, leite integral Ultra High Temperature (Parmalat®), extrato de soja integral (Ades® Original), chá preto com baixo teor calórico sabor pêssego (Leão Ice Tea Zero Coca-Cola® Brasil) e água mineral Prata® (controle negativo). Setenta e cinco espécimes de esmalte bovino foram distribuídos entre os cinco tipos de bebidas (n = 15), de acordo com delineamento em blocos completos e casualizados. Para a formação das lesões de desgaste erosivo, os espécimes foram imersos durante 2 min em 10 mL de solução aquosa de ácido clorídrico 0,01 M. Subsequentemente foram imersos em 20 mL das bebidas por 1 min, duas vezes ao dia durante 2 dias, em temperatura ambiente. Nos intervalos entre as imersões os espécimes permaneceram em saliva artificial a 37ºC. A variável de resposta quantitativa foi microdureza superficial do esmalte. ANOVA e teste de Tukey demonstraram diferenças altamente significativas (p <0,00001) no esmalte exposto ao ácido clorídrico e às bebidas. O refrigerante provocou diminuição da microdureza superficial significativamente maior do que as demais bebidas. O chá preto provocou diminuição da microdureza significativamente maior que a água mineral, o leite UHT e o extrato de soja, porém menor que o refrigerante.Entre as bebidas analisadas, refrigerante e chá preto demonstraram efeitos mais deletérios sobre a microdureza do esmalte dental.

Association Between Green Tea Consumption and Lung Cancer Risk / 예방의학회지

Green tea is a popular beverage and its health benefits are well known. However, inconsistent results have been reported in observational studies concerning the association between green tea consumption and the lung cancer risk. In this commentary, several methodological issues underlying the measurement of tea exposure are highlighted. The recommendations should be useful for designing and planning prospective cohort studies to ascertain the protective effect of green tea against lung cancer.

[Color stability of dental composite materials after exposure to staining solutions: a spectrophotometer analysis]

The success rate of composite restorative materials depends very much on their color stability in the oral cavity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the color changes of four different brands of dental composite resin materials by using four staining solutions. A total of 128 disk-shaped specimens of 15-2 mm were prepared out of 4 composite resin materials. Two nanocomposites: Filtek supreme, Tetric Evoceram and two micro hybrid composites: Filtek Z250 and Tetric ceram, were prepared. The specimens were then divided into 4 groups of 8 specimens each and they were immersed in 4 staining solutions [Coffee, Tea, Cola, and Artificial Saliva] for 3 hours daily over a 24 day testing period. The color of specimens was measured with a spectrophotometer using CIELab color space relative to illuminant D65 at baseline and after staining. The color differences [delta E] were calculated. The delta E=3.3 was used as an acceptable value in subjective visual evaluations. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and Post-hoc test at significance level of 0.05. All tested materials showed unacceptable color change in coffee and tea groups [delta E>3.3]. The greatest color change was observed in Filtek supreme in coffee. The specimens in cola and artificial saliva didn't cause a notable color change clinically. Coffee and tea can significantly influence the discoloration of dental resin composite materials under investigation. The nanocomposite Filtek supreme color change was significantly more than other composites when exposed to coffee. Therefore, color stability of composite restorative materials depends very much on dietary habits

Esophageal Thermal Injury by Hot Adlay Tea

Reversible thermal injury to the esophagus as the result of drinking hot liquids has been reported to generate alternating white and red linear mucosal bands, somewhat reminiscent of a candy cane. This phenomenon is associated with chest pain, dysphagia, odynophagia, and epigastric pain. Here, we report a case of thermal injury to the esophageal and oral cavity due to the drinking of hot tea, including odynophagia and dysphagia. A 69-year-old man was referred due to a difficulty in swallowing which had begun a week prior to referral. The patient, at the time of admission, was unable to swallow even liquids. He had recently suffered from hiccups, and had consumed five cups of hot adlay tea one week prior to admission, as a folk remedy for the hiccups. Upon physical examination, the patient's oral cavity evidenced mucosal erosion, hyperemia, and mucosa covered by a whitish pseudomembrane. Nonspecific findings were detected on the laboratory and radiological exams. Upper endoscopy revealed diffuse hyperemia, and erosions with thick and whitish pseudomembraneous mucosa on the entire esophagus. The stomach and duodenum appeared normal. We diagnosed the patient with thermal esophageal injury inflicted by the hot tea. He was treated with pantoprazole, 40 mg/day, for 14 days, and evidenced significant clinical and endoscopic improvement.

El consumo té y la salud: características y propiedades benéficas de esta bebida milenaria / Tea consumption and health: beneficial characteristics and properties of this ancient beverage

El té es una bebida de gran consumo y muchos de sus componentes se asocian con beneficios para la salud. El té, en sus diferentes formas de consumo, té verde, oolong y té negro, contiene una alta concentración de catequinas y de polifenoles. La variedad y cantidad de estos compuestos está determinada por el grado de oxidación a que se somete la hoja de té recién cosechada (té verde) o con diverso grado de oxidación (oolong y negro). Los efectos del té se asocian principalmente a la acción antioxidante de sus componentes, los que al actuar como atrapadores de especies reactivas del oxígeno protegen la estructura de los ácidos nucleicos, de las proteínas y de los lípidos. Los polifenoles del té producen in vitro efectos inhibitorios en la iniciación, promoción y progresión del cáncer al actuar sobre diferentes enzimas involucradas en cada una de estas etapas. Los polifenoles también ejercerían importantes efectos inhibidores de la iniciación de la aterogénesis, derivada de la oxidación de las LDL. También ejercerían efectos hipocolesterolémicos y vasodilatadores, actuando específicamente sobre enzimas y/o metabolitos involucrados en estos efectos. El consumo de té, además, mejoraría la calidad de vida ya que activaría la movilización de grasa en el tejido adiposo, estimulando la termogénesis y promoviendo una mejor mantención de la masa ósea debido a su contenido de flúor. Aunque muchos de los efectos bioquímicos y fisiológicos del té se han observado in vitro, existe también una importante evidencia derivada de estudios epidemiológicos en poblaciones numerosas y de diferente edad. El té es una bebida recomendable y que contribuye a mantener una mejor salud y calidad de vida.

Associaçäo entre o uso de abortifacientes e defeitos congênitos / Association of the use of abortifacient drugs with congenital malformations

Objetivo: verificar a associaçäo entre o uso de abortivos durante o primeiro trimestre de gestaçäo e a ocorrência de defeitos congênitos em recém-nascidos (RN). Métodos: estudo caso-controle com amostra de 800 nativivos, em maternidade pública de Salvador, Bahia, pelo período de um ano. Eram selecionados os seis primeiros nascimentos ocorridos em um só dia, sendo feitas consultas aos prontuários para verificaçäo do registro de defeitos congênitos. Nos casos positivos eram observados os bebês afetados e realizada entrevista com as puérperas para o levantamento de antecedentes gestacionais e genéticos, utilizando questionário como instrumento de coleta de dados. Posteriormente os dados eram inseridos em programa de computador Epi-Info 5.0 para análise estatística. Resultados: as puérperas estudadas foram predominantemente de classe socioeconômica baixa (74,8 por cento), sem escolaridade ou apenas 1§ grau (61,1 por cento). A taxa geral de defeitos congênitos foi de 4,7 por cento. Entre as puérperas, 16 por cento relataram a ingestäo de substâncias abortivas no primeiro trimestre de gestaçäo e 10,9 por cento destas tiveram filhos com malformaçöes. Nas crianças em que as mäes näo utilizaram abortivos essa incidência foi 3,6 por cento. Os principais agentes usados como abortifacientes foram os chás medicinais e o misoprostol (Cytotec). O alumä (Vermonia baiensis Tol) e o espinho cheiroso (Kanthoxilum shifolium Lam) foram as plantas mais utilizadas e inadequadamente, pois näo apresentam propriedades abortivas, justificando assim a sua ineficácia. Conclusäo: o presente estudo evidencia que tentativas de abortamento säo práticas muito usuais em populaçöes de baixa renda. Revela ainda que o uso de abortivos provoca um percentual significativo de malformaçöes congênitas em bebês nativivos.

Banisteriopsis caap: acao alucinogena e uso ritual / Banisteriopsis caap: hallucinogenic action and ritual use

Atualmente, um crescente interesse nas praticas rituais indigenas, as quais se utilizavam de plantas com o intuito de se comunicarem com o mundo espiritual tem sido observado. No Brasil, as ceitas religiosas Uniao do Vegetal (UDV) e Santo Daime, frequentemente, fazem uso do cha, preparado a partir das plantas Banisteriopsis caap e Psychotria viridis...

Metodologia e tratamento do abortamento infectado / Methodology and treatment of infected abortion

Visa este estudo mostrar a metodologia empregada por 143 pacientes que provocaram o abortamento e que foram atendidas na Maternidade da Encruzilhada, Recife, de 1 de janeiro a 30 de junho de 1994. Todas as pacientes com abortamento atendidas no período referido eram submetidas a uma anamnese acurada quando se investigava se o abortamento fora provocado ou espontâneo. Nos casos de abortamento provocado, investigava-se o método utilizado. Nos casos simples sem infecçao, o tratamento de escolha era a curetagem uterina. Na presença de infecçao ou manuseio por sonda ou gotas cáusticas, associava-se um ou mais antibióticos, conforme a gravidade do caso. Os métodos mais utilizados pelas pacientes para provocar o abortamento foram: misoprostol 77 por cento, sonda só ou associada a gotas 17 por cento, chás diversos 11 por cento e injetáveis 5 por cento. Os seguintes métodos terapêuticos foram realizados: curetagem uterina 70 por cento, curetagem uterina e um antibiótico 16 por cento, curetagem uterina e dois antibióticos 7 por cento e curetagem uterina e três antibióticos 7 por cento. Nao houve complicaçoes sérias a registrar e o misoprostol foi o método mais freqüentemente utilizado para provocar o abortamento. Em 70 por cento das vezes, a curetagem uterina foi o tratamento único e em 30 por cento das oportunidades foi acrescido o antibiótico. Enfatiza-se, por fim, a grande importância do planejamento familiar como soluçao definitiva para o problema do abortamento provocado.